Whatever one's stance on the "demotion" of Pluto from planet to dwarf planet, the controversy helped to make the public better aware that the solar system is populated with a lot more than the planets, their satellites, and the occasional comet or meteorite. The solar system is scattered with countless smaller objects, many of which are large enough to be tracked, numbered, and sometimes named. Each category of object has its particular properties and stories to tell. Molecules have been detected on a number of these objects, and this bibliography exists to enumerate them.

For basic background, see the Wikipedia articles on minor planets and Trans-Neptunian Objects. For technical information, visit the Minor Planet Center. For a reasoned take on the Pluto controversy, I suggest the short article by David Jewitt and Jane X. Luu that can be accessed here.

In each group, objects are ordered by year of discovery. Some objects fall into more than one category or have changed character because they are, after all, dynamic objects moving through the Solar System subjected to the gravitational influences of the Sun as well as Jupiter and the other giant planets. Oterma was discovered as a comet in 1943; its orbit has been altered by several close encounters with Jupiter, shifting it in and out of Centaur classification (see the Wikikpedia article and the paper by Pinto et al. reporting the discovery of CO2 for more information).

Minor planets are given provisional designations (e.g., 1997 CU26 for Chariklo) and numbered when their identification is secured by accurate knowledge of their orbits. If they prove to be of greater interest, they are given names.

Molecules detected on planetoids are usually in the form of ices/solids, although some species have been detected in the gas phase (g), as noted. Reported non-detections (nd) are also listed.
Key to icons:
Wikipedia entry
NASA information page

OBJECT MOLECULES
(click for citations)
DISCOVERY CITATION NEWS
LINK
ASTEROIDS
Ceres
(1)
H2O   sodium & ammonium salts Ceres was discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi on 1 January 1801.
Themis
(24)
H2O  organics
ref1   ref2   SciAm
Elemente und Ephemeride der Themis
Astron. Nachr. 36, 341 (1853)
(Themis was discovered by Annibale de Gasparis.)
Ryugu
1999 JU3
(162173)
H2O   organics(1)
organics(2)   PAHs
1999 JU3
F. B. Zoltowski, M. Blythe, F. Shelly, M. Bezpalko, M. Elowitz, J. Stuart, H. Viggh, R. Sayer, D. A. Klinglesmith III, R. Huber, and G. V. Williams, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.1999-J33 (1999)
Bennu
1999 RQ36
(101955)
H2O 1999 RQ36
J. Ticha, M. Tichy, Z. Moravec, H. Mikuz, M. Tombelli, A. Boattini, L. Tesi, D. Guidetti, G. Forti, G. E. Masotti, S. Bartolini, L. Kornos, P. Koleny, F. B. Zoltowski, A. Toso, M. Spolaor, E. Pettarin, S. Sanchez, J. Rodriguez, K. Sarneczky, L. Kiss, J. E. Rogers, M. Blythe, F. Shelly, M. Bezpalko, M. Elowitz, J. Stuart, H. Viggh, R. Sayer, M. Schwartz, P. R. Holvorcem, J. J. Gomez, and G. V. Williams, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.1999-R44 (1999)
JUPITER TROJANS
Patroclus
1906 UL
(617)
OH   aliphatics? (617) Patroclus = 1906 UL = 1941 XC = 1962 NB
Discovered on 1906-10-17 by A. Kopff at the Heidelberg Observatory.
Eurybates
1973 SO
(3548)
OH   aliphatics?   CO2? (3548) Eurybates = 1973 SO = 1957 JX = 1954 CB = 1985 TZ = 1978 EE5
"Discovered at Palomar on 1973-09-19 by C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, and T. Gehrels."
Leucus
1997 TS25
(11351)
OH   aliphatics? (11351) Leucus = 1997 TS25 = 1996 VP39
Discovered at Xinglong on 1997-10-12 by Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program.
Orus
1999 VQ10
(21900)
aliphatics?   CO2? (21900) Orus = 1998 VD18 = 1999 VQ10
Discovered at Oizumi on 1999-11-09 by T. Kobayashi.
Polymele
1999 WB2
(15094)
aliphatics?   CO2? (15094) Polymele = 1999 WB2 = 1997 WR57
Discovered on 1999-11-17 by Catalina Sky Survey.
CENTAURS
Oterma
1942 VII
(39P)
CO2   Comet Oterma 3
H. Q. Rasmusen. IAU Circ., No. 956, #1 (1943).
Comet Notes: ... Oterma 3 (1942 VII) ...
G. van Biesbroeck. Pop. Astron. 55:559 (1947).
Chiron
1977 UB/95P
(2060)
CN   CO   H2O(ice)
CH4   CO2(ice)
CO(ice)   C2H2(ice)
C2H6(ice)   C3H8(ice)
H2O(ice,conf)
The discovery and orbit of (2060) Chiron
C. T. Kowal, W. Liller, and B. G. Marsden. Dynamics of the Solar System, Proceedings of IAU Syposium 81 (R. L. Duncombe, Ed.) 245-250 (1979).
Pholus
1992 AD
(5145)
CH3OH   H2O   organics   olivine 1992 AD
J. V. Scotti, D. L. Rabinowitz, and 11 co-workers, IAU Circ. 5434 (1992)
 
Chariklo
1997 CU26
(10199)
H2O
ice in rings (data)
1997 CU26
J. V. Scotti et al. (?)
Echeclus
2000 EC98
(60558)
CO   2000 EC98
M. W. Buie, K. Aksnes, M. Holman, R. Grave, and B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2001-D09 (2001)
Typhon
2002 CR46
(42355)
H2O   silicates Discovery of a binary Centaur
K. S. Noll, H. F. Levinson, W. M. Grundy, and D. C. Stephens, Icarus 184:611-618 (2006)
 
TNOs (including KBOs and Plutinos )
Pluto
(134340)
CH4   N2   CO2(nd)  
CO   CH4(g)   CO(g)  
HCN(g)   HNC(g)
Bulletin Number 421 - Preliminary results and ephemeris of the Lowell Observatory Object
E. C. Bower and F. L. Whipple, Lick Obs Bull 14:189-191 (1930)
Charon
S/1978 P 1
H2O   H2O   NH3  
organics   CO2   H2O2
Measurement of the Angular Separation and Magnitude Difference for the Pluto/Charon System
B. Thomsen and H. D. Ables. Bull Am Astron Soc 10, 586 (1978)
 
1993 SC
(15789)
CH4(tent)   higher hydrocarbons??? 1993 SB AND 1993 SC
I. P. Williams, A. Fitzsimmons, and D. O'Ceallaigh, IAUC 5869 (1993)
 
Lempo
1999 TC36
(47171)
H2O   tholins 1999 TC36
I. P. Griffin, N. Brady, R. Greatrex, T. Bredenkamp, and B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2000-O37 (2000).
Varuna
2000 WR106
(20000)
H2O   2000 WR106
R. S. McMillan, J. A. Larsen, and B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2000-X02 (2000)
Quaoar
2002 LM60
(50000)
H2O   CH4   C2H6
N2?
2002 LM60
G. V. Williams, E. F. Helin, S. Pravdo, K. Lawrence, D. Rabinowitz, M. E. Brown, C. A. Trujillo, J.-L. Margot, M. Hicks, C. T. Kowal A. B. Jordan, C. J. Conselice, and B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2002-T34 (2002).
2002 TX300
(55636)
H2O   tholins(?) 2002 TX300
E. F. Helin, S. Pravdo, K. Lawrence, M. Hicks, R. Thicksten, M. Glaze, K. Smalley, J. Young, S. P. Laurie, and B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2002-U17 (2002)
2002 VE95
(55638)
H2O   CH3OH   tholins 2002 VE95
R. Stross, E. Meyer, E. F. Helin, S. Pravdo, K. J. Lawrence, D. L. Rabinowitz, R. Maeda, J. Africano, M. Hicks, R. Thicksten, and B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Eletronic Circ., No.2002-X53 (2002)
 
Haumea
2003 EL61
(136108)
H2O   H2O(2) 2003 EL61
J. L. Ortiz, R. Bambery, E. Helin, S. Pravdo, M. Hicks, K. Lawrence, P. Kervin, R. Matson, S. Sanchez, R. Stoss, J. Nomen, F. J. Aceituno, P. Santos-Sanz, and G. V. Williams, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2005-O36 (2005).
Eris
2003 UB313
(136199)
CH4   H2O   N2(?)  
CH4(2)   H2O(2)   N2(2)
unk carbonaceous
2003 UB313
M. E. Brown, C. A. Trujillo, D. Rabinowitz, S. Tourtellotte, and B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2005-O41 (2005)
Discovery of a Planetary-sized Object in the Scattered Kuiper Belt
M. E. Brown, C. A. Trujillo, and D. L. Rabinowitz, ApJ 635:L97-L100 (2005)
Sedna
2003 VB12
(90377)
H2O   CH4   N2   C2H6
tholins  serpentine  
2003 VB_12
M. E. Brown, C. A. Trujillo, and D. L. Rabinowitz, D. L. IAU Circ., No. 8304, #1 (2004)
Discovery of a Candidate Inner Oort Cloud Planetoid
M. E. Brown, C. Trujillo, and D. Rabinowitz, ApJ 617:645-649 (2004)
Orcus
2004 DW
(90482)
H2O   unk carbonaceous   H2O(2)   NH3O(?) 2004 DW
M. E. Brown, D. L. Rabinowitz, C. A. Trujillo, J. J. Muller, and B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2004-D13 (2004)
Makemake
2005 FY9
(136472)
CH4   unk organics
CH4(2) C2H6
2005 FY9
M. E. Brown, C. A. Trujillo, D. Rabinowitz, and B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2005-O42 (2005)
2005 RR43
(145453)
H2O 2005 RP43, 2005 RQ43, 2005 RR43, 2005 RS43, 2005 SC278, 2005 SD278, 2005 SE27
A. C. Becker,A. W. Puckett, J. Kubica, and, B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2006-Q70 (2006)
 
Gonggong
2007 OR10
(225088)
H2O   CH4(?) 2007 OR10
M. E. Schwamb, M. E. Brown, D. Rabinowitz, and B. G. Marsden, Minor Planet Electronic Circ., No.2009-A42 (2009)


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Updated 30 December 2024